The over-romanticism of the progressive educator ideology extends further, leading to a disparity between rhetoric and practice in education. Research shows that practical activity in learning mathematics is far less common than the progressive educator orthodoxy mlght lead us to suppose. For example, over half of a representative sample of 11 year olds were found to use number apparatus never or less than once a term in 1982 (Assessment of Performance Unit, 1985). Desforges and Cockburn (1987) found that the practice of primary mathematics in the schools they studied was largely routine and mechanical, and did not succeed in stimulating autonomy and higher order thinking. Mathematics learning for most children consists of working through a commercially published mathematics text or scheme routinely, on an individual basis (Assessment of Performance Unit, 1985).6
The over-romanticism of the progressive educator ideology extends further, leading to a disparity between rhetoric and practice in education. Research shows that practical activity in learning mathematics is far less common than the progressive educator orthodoxy mlght lead us to suppose. For example, over half of a representative sample of 11 year olds were found to use number apparatus never or less than once a term in 1982 (Assessment of Performance Unit, 1985). Desforges and Cockburn (1987) found that the practice of primary mathematics in the schools they studied was largely routine and mechanical, and did not succeed in stimulating autonomy and higher order thinking. Mathematics learning for most children consists of working through a commercially published mathematics text or scheme routinely, on an individual basis (Assessment of Performance Unit, 1985).6
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