Taking these results together, our analysis shows both expected and unexpected genetic affinities among breeds. Like other domesticated animals such as dogs and chickens, pigeons probably have a reticular rather than hierarchical evolutionary history, which is reflected in the complex genetic structure of many breeds and a star-shaped phylogeny. These findings probably result from hybridization that has occurred throughout the domestication history of the pigeon; this practice continues among some modern breeders as well, often with the goal of transferring a new color into an established breed, or “improving” an existing trait. Unlike the stringent regulations for registering purebred dogs, in which modern breeds are effectively closed breeding populations separated by large genetic distances [12 and 13], no barriers exist to mixed ancestry or parentage of pigeons (average FST = 0.33 between dog breeds [12] compared to 0.24 for pigeons). On the other hand, little genetic variation divides dog breeds into subgroups [13], and like our tree (Figure 2), neighbor-joining trees of dogs show limited structuring of the internal branches
Taking these results together, our analysis shows both expected and unexpected genetic affinities among breeds. Like other domesticated animals such as dogs and chickens, pigeons probably have a reticular rather than hierarchical evolutionary history, which is reflected in the complex genetic structure of many breeds and a star-shaped phylogeny. These findings probably result from hybridization that has occurred throughout the domestication history of the pigeon; this practice continues among some modern breeders as well, often with the goal of transferring a new color into an established breed, or “improving” an existing trait. Unlike the stringent regulations for registering purebred dogs, in which modern breeds are effectively closed breeding populations separated by large genetic distances [12 and 13], no barriers exist to mixed ancestry or parentage of pigeons (average FST = 0.33 between dog breeds [12] compared to 0.24 for pigeons). On the other hand, little genetic variation divides dog breeds into subgroups [13], and like our tree (Figure 2), neighbor-joining trees of dogs show limited structuring of the internal branches
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