materialsPhosphorous pentoxide, copper turnings, and quinine sulfatewere purchased from Sigma Aldrich, India. Acetic acid, nitric acid,and ammonia solution were supplied by Merck Specialties, India,and sodium rhodizonate was obtained from Otto Chemicals, India.All aqueous solutions were prepared using double distilled water.UV–vis absorption spectra were recorded using a Carry-100 double beam UV–vis spectrophotometer.
Infrared (IR)spectroscopy studies were conducted using a Spectrum 100TPerkin-Elmer FT-IR spectrometer.
For collecting the FTIR spectra,samples were lyophilised for 2 days at −30◦C, and IR spectrawere recorded in an attenuated total internal reflection modewith 32 average scans. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) exper-iments and zeta potential measurements were carried out usinga Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments).
Transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM) images were obtained using a JEOL 3010 UHRinstrument. All fluorescence measurements were performed usingthe Fluoro Max-4C Spectrofluorometer (Horiba Instruments, USA).
Excitation wavelength was fixed at 400 nm with an integrationtime of 0.1 s. Both excitation and emission slit widths were kept at5 nm. According to a previous report, the quantum yield of the CDswas calculated using quinine sulphate (ϕ = 0.54) as a standard [5].
Time-resolved fluorescence measurements were performed usingtime-correlated single-photon counting (360 nm excitation wave-length by using a picosecond diode laser, with 10.5 nm excitationband pass and 9.5 nm emission band pass; Horiba Instruments).
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted using TA instru-ments Q50.
Heating rate was maintained at 10◦C/min in an inertatmosphere.
Photostability experiments were performed using aUV light source (360 nm, power: 8 W).
materialsPhosphorous pentoxide, copper turnings, and quinine sulfatewere purchased from Sigma Aldrich, India. Acetic acid, nitric acid,and ammonia solution were supplied by Merck Specialties, India,and sodium rhodizonate was obtained from Otto Chemicals, India.All aqueous solutions were prepared using double distilled water.UV–vis absorption spectra were recorded using a Carry-100 double beam UV–vis spectrophotometer. Infrared (IR)spectroscopy studies were conducted using a Spectrum 100TPerkin-Elmer FT-IR spectrometer. For collecting the FTIR spectra,samples were lyophilised for 2 days at −30◦C, and IR spectrawere recorded in an attenuated total internal reflection modewith 32 average scans. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) exper-iments and zeta potential measurements were carried out usinga Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments). Transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM) images were obtained using a JEOL 3010 UHRinstrument. All fluorescence measurements were performed usingthe Fluoro Max-4C Spectrofluorometer (Horiba Instruments, USA).Excitation wavelength was fixed at 400 nm with an integrationtime of 0.1 s. Both excitation and emission slit widths were kept at5 nm. According to a previous report, the quantum yield of the CDswas calculated using quinine sulphate (ϕ = 0.54) as a standard [5].Time-resolved fluorescence measurements were performed usingtime-correlated single-photon counting (360 nm excitation wave-length by using a picosecond diode laser, with 10.5 nm excitationband pass and 9.5 nm emission band pass; Horiba Instruments).Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted using TA instru-ments Q50. Heating rate was maintained at 10◦C/min in an inertatmosphere.Photostability experiments were performed using aUV light source (360 nm, power: 8 W).
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