Marchington and Wilkinson (2002: 202) conclude that ‘practices’ are ill-defined, while Guest et al 2000a found no consistency in ‘bundles’ of HRM practices in the Workplace Employee Relations Survey and resorted to counting the number of ‘practices’ individually to ‘find’ this ‘high commitment HRM’. Additionally, most results are from self-reports and cross-sectional studies which must, as Guest admits, be taken with caution (Guest et al 2000b:7-80).