Based on the levels of lead and cadmium
in rice, Kasno et al. (2000) found that
intensive lowland rice areas in two districts of
West Java could be divided into three
categories: Highly polluted soils, soils with
medium pollution, and unpolluted soils (Table
1). Only 7% of the total lowland areas studied
were polluted by lead, and about 4% by
cadmium. These results indicate that after 30 -
40 years of phosphate application, the
productivity of these soils could still be
sustained.