Taken Kuhn’s paradigm as an example, Kuhn defined the meaning of paradigm as “universally recognized scientific achievements that, for a time, provide model problems and solutions for a community of researchers,” (Kuhn, 1996, p. X). Halloun (1996) elaborated about the nature of the scientific paradigm that consisted of (1) ontological tenets about physical realities, (2) epistemo- logical tenets that underlie the nature of various concep- tions that make up any scientific theory, and (3) specific methodology (p. 16). While Taber (2009, p. 54) further explicitly depicted ontology as about the nature of the world in which we live, and epistemology is about how we come to have knowledge of that world, an (ontological)