There are few studies that examine the effectiveness of the etonogestrel (ENG) subdermal
contraceptive implant in overweight and obese women. The ENG implant is the only
contraceptive implant currently marketed in the United States and is FDA approved for 3
years of use. The implant is composed of a single rod that releases etonogestrel, a thirdgeneration
progestin (1), and is among the most effective contraceptive methods with efficacy that is indistinguishable from that of sterilization and intrauterine devices (IUDs)
(2). Based on a systematic review of published trials, the failure rate for the ENG implant
was found to be 0.00 per 100 women-years of use (3). However, the company-sponsored
clinical trials excluded subjects who were >130% of their ideal body weight (4).
Half of the 6 million pregnancies that occur yearly in the United States are unintended (5).
Of these unintended pregnancies, approximately 60% report using some form of
contraception during the month the pregnancy occurred (6). Because most women use a
contraceptive method that requires strict adherence and compliance, most pregnancies result
from incorrect method use rather than method failure (7). To reduce the number of
unintended pregnancies, clinicians should counsel women to use the most effective methods
of contraception as first-line options. Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC),
including IUDs and implants, has been proven to be safe, effective, cost-effective,
"forgettable," and not user-dependent (8). However, less than 6% of women between the
ages of 15 and 44 years in the United States use one of these methods for birth control (9). Given the fact that nearly two thirds of reproductive-aged women in the United States are
overweight or obese (10), it is crucial to understand the effectiveness of the ENG implant in
this population. Both the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) and the copper
T380A IUD are ranked in the top tier of contraceptive effectiveness (11). While the
scientific literature clearly suggests that body weight does not decrease the effectiveness of
the IUD (12), there is little information regarding the effectiveness of the ENG implant in
relation to body weight, leading to controversy and confusion when counseling overweight
and obese patients. The purpose of this study is to provide an estimate of the contraceptive
failure rates of the ENG implant among overweight and obese women. Our hypothesis was
that there is no significant difference in failure rates by body mass index (BMI) status
among implant users as compared to the reference group of IUD users.
There are few studies that examine the effectiveness of the etonogestrel (ENG) subdermalcontraceptive implant in overweight and obese women. The ENG implant is the onlycontraceptive implant currently marketed in the United States and is FDA approved for 3years of use. The implant is composed of a single rod that releases etonogestrel, a thirdgenerationprogestin (1), and is among the most effective contraceptive methods with efficacy that is indistinguishable from that of sterilization and intrauterine devices (IUDs)(2). Based on a systematic review of published trials, the failure rate for the ENG implantwas found to be 0.00 per 100 women-years of use (3). However, the company-sponsoredclinical trials excluded subjects who were >130% of their ideal body weight (4).Half of the 6 million pregnancies that occur yearly in the United States are unintended (5).Of these unintended pregnancies, approximately 60% report using some form ofcontraception during the month the pregnancy occurred (6). Because most women use acontraceptive method that requires strict adherence and compliance, most pregnancies resultfrom incorrect method use rather than method failure (7). To reduce the number ofunintended pregnancies, clinicians should counsel women to use the most effective methodsof contraception as first-line options. Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC),including IUDs and implants, has been proven to be safe, effective, cost-effective,"forgettable," and not user-dependent (8). However, less than 6% of women between theages of 15 and 44 years in the United States use one of these methods for birth control (9). Given the fact that nearly two thirds of reproductive-aged women in the United States areoverweight or obese (10), it is crucial to understand the effectiveness of the ENG implant inthis population. Both the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) and the copperT380A IUD are ranked in the top tier of contraceptive effectiveness (11). While thescientific literature clearly suggests that body weight does not decrease the effectiveness ofthe IUD (12), there is little information regarding the effectiveness of the ENG implant inrelation to body weight, leading to controversy and confusion when counseling overweightand obese patients. The purpose of this study is to provide an estimate of the contraceptivefailure rates of the ENG implant among overweight and obese women. Our hypothesis wasthat there is no significant difference in failure rates by body mass index (BMI) statusamong implant users as compared to the reference group of IUD users.
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