Yet, we contend that the degree to which self-ratings reflect a gender advantage in leadership effectiveness for men may be stronger in male-typed settings or when leaders are engaged in male-typed tasks (Beyer, 1990, 1992). Eagly and Karau (2002) proposed that, in addition to being affected by contextual moderators impacting perceptions others have regarding the incongruity between the female gender role and leadership roles, women in leadership positions may be impacted by contextual factors such that they themselves can exhibit diminished self-confidence (Lenny, 1977) and expectancy-confirming behavior (Geis, 1993) in certain environments. Thus, despite the tenets of RCT being primarily focused on other-ratings of leaders, we argue that selfratings will also be moderated by the contextual variables presented above.