The dinitroanilines are some of the most heavily used in agriculture, and are used almost exclusively as soil-incorporated, preemergence selective herbicides in many field crops. Examples of substituted dinitroanilines are trifluralin, benefin, oryzalin, pendimethalin, and isopropalin. Trifluralin has very low water solubility, which minimizes leaching and movement from the target. The nitroanilines inhibit both root and shoot growth when absorbed by roots, but they have an involved mode of action, which includes inhibiting the development of several enzymes and the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation.