Other behavioral and neuropsychological studies provide further relevant
support for the theory. For example, Thompson and Paivio (1994) showed that
object pictures and sounds had additive effects on memory, thereby supporting the
DCT assumption that sensory components of multimodal objects are functionally
independent . Similar effects have been demonstrated for combinations of other
modalities. Brain scan studies have shown that different brain areas are activated
by concrete and abstract words as well as by pictures as compared to words in
comprehension and memory tasks (summarized in Paivio, 2006, Chapter 8). Brain
scan and lesion studies have uncovered distinct representational substrates for
almost every conceivable sensorimotor modality of objects and their attributes,
whether accessed directly by perceptual stimuli or indirectly (cross-modally) by
words (Paivio, 2006, Chapter 7). For example, words that name colors or actions
activate the same brain areas as perceived colors and action patterns. Such results
strongly support the functional and structural reality of multimodal imagens and
logogens as described ealier--our brains apparently “contain” auditory, haptic, and
motor imagens and logogens, which are housed in different locations and accessed
by different neural pathways.