in india, himalayas have acted as great barriers and provided protection but the passes provided routes to the migrants and invaders from central Asia .The sea coast has encouraged contact with people from East and Southeast Asia, Europe and Africa. Navigation technology helped European countries to colonise a number of countries of Asia and Africa,including India as they got accessibility throug oceans.The geographical factors have modified the course of history in different parts of the world.
Every geographical phenomenon undergoes change through time and can be explained temporally.The changes in landforms, climate, vegetation,economic activities occupations and cultural developments have followed a definite historical course.