As an important land use type in Sumatra, the
value of agroforestry systems for integrating biological
conservation and economic development goals is
high. What is less clear is what needs to be done to
address the problem of conflict between large mammals
and people in these and other similar areas.
Historically, the problem of human–wildlife conflict
has fallen under the aegis of wildlife conservation
authorities. However, their jurisdiction often ends at
the park’s boundary, and when tigers and elephants
cross this boundary, the dilemma of who is responsible
for dealing with wildlife conflict can be uncertain.
Solutions are difficult to develop because there is
no professional discipline which embraces the subject
(Nowell and Jackson, 1996). As a result, when
livestock are killed by tigers, elephant raid crops, or
people are injured or killed, local people often takv
matters into their own hands and kill the offending animals
(Nowell and Jackson, 1996; Tilson and Nyhus,
1998). Ultimately, both people and wildlife suffer the
consequences where conflict is unresolved.