The continuous ethanol fermentation of raw juice was carried out using a single-stage tower shaped reactor with a working volume of 450 cm3, as previously described [17]. Before fermentation, the reactor was sterilized by circulating a NaClO solution of 20 mg L1 overnight and thenwas washed with sterilized tap water continuously for one day. The reactor was filled by 450 cm3 of inoculum, and then the raw juice was fed to start the continuous ethanol fermentation. Mineral nutrients (g L1 juice) were added into the raw juice before feeding: KH2PO4, 0.5; MgSO4$7H2O, 0.5; (NH4)2SO4, 0.5. To enhance the flocculability of the yeast cells, CaCl2$7H2O was added to the raw juice to increase the Ca2þ concentration to 1 g L1; this was done according to the method described in our previous study [18]. The effects of the dilution rate and temperature on the continuous ethanol fermentation were investigated.