The structuralist perspective denies the universal transferability of TPS, emphasizing the unique socio-economic context in which Toyota exists (Williams et al. 1994).
Nakamura et al. (1996) note that the transfer of TPS across national boundaries is considerably more difficult than the spread of specific TPS components, given different social contexts, which include differences in culture, social relations, economic conditions, and business practices.
Thus, this school insists that TPS, historically, has evolved under Toyota’s singular conditions, and that its substance can be transferred to other structural contexts only with difficulty (Williams and Haslam 1992).