particularly in predicting the gaseous penetration of both free
and confined injection. It is more responsive to rapid strain and
streamlines curvature relative to the other two κ-ε models. In
addition, it takes into account the effect of swirl on turbulence,
thus enhancing the accuracy for swirling flows. Therefore, for a
rapidly strained gaseous flow with a confined injection in
TBIM, the RNG κ-ε model was preferred. The transport
equations of RNG κ-ε used in this work are as follows: