1. Clinical syndromes of herniation with and without CT scan show corresponding mass effect
2. Moderate and severe head injury with CT scan show significant mass effect * ( ดู รายละเอียดใน appendix 3)
3. Clinical syndromes of increase intracranial pressure with CT scan show significance mass effect
4. Compound depressed skull fracture
5. Penetrating cranial injury
6. Close depressed skull fracture * (appendix 4)
7. Optic nerve compression * (appendix 5)
8. Post traumatic hydrocephalus
9. Persistent CSF rhinorrhea and otorrhea (over 2 weeks)