Empirically, vision has been studied as part of a blend of vision-based leadership in
a wide variety of samples and industries, predominantly at the individual level rather
than at the business-unit and organisational levels. Overall, positive findings between
visionary leadership and individual follower performance, attitudes, and perceptions
have been found. However, examining what constitutes an effective vision, particularly
in the education sector, has not been sufficiently studied, yet this is critical to
researchers and practitioners who wish to understand the relationship between
visionary leadership and organisational performance. Since Senge (1990) argues that
two types of vision exist: positive and negative visions, and only a few exceptional
studies (Baum et al., 1998; Kantabutra, 2003; Kantabutra, 2008a) have investigated
various vision characteristics and their impact on organisational performance, a need
to develop a conceptual model to identify what characterise “positive” or “negative”
visions is identified.