Members of the Orthodox School saw radical differences between
polities and administration because the decision-making process itself was radically different. Scientific decisions concerning efficiency and political neutrality are by their nature separate and apart from decisions rendered at the ballot box. This conclusion, of course, presupposes that science, however
it is defined, is value-neutral. A "right"or "wrong"way (i. e., demonstrably efficient or inefficient) of administering government programs exists, and the task of the public administrator is to differentiate between the two without relying on patronage or other political tools to resolve the issue.