Managing Acute Pain after TKA
Managing acute pain after TKA can be challenging, and
clinicians and researchers continue to investigate ways of
improving patient care at this juncture. A multimodal pain
management strategy can alleviate pain in many patients
although there continue to be gaps that cause some patients
to experience significant pain. The components of the pain
management strategy after TKA include both regional and
systemic analgesics, typically intravenous opioids, NSAIDs,
and femoral nerve blockade (FNB) with or without
anticonvulsant agents such as gabapentin or pregabalin.
The advantages and limitations of these strategies are
explored below.
3.1 Preventive Analgesia Has Been Shown to Improve
Early Pain Control after TKA
Broadly speaking, preventive analgesia refers to the
administration of analgesics prior to surgery in order to
decrease the magnitude of postoperative pain [17]. The
administration of drugs prior to surgery has been shown in
many studies to decrease postoperative pain and analgesic
consumption. For patients having TKA, a preoperative
regimen of the selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor
rofecoxib that is continued postoperatively was associated
with lower pain scores, epidural analgesic consumption, and
in-hospital opioid consumption compared with placebo
[12]. This is thought to diminish the surgical inflammatory
response involving prostaglandins that leads to hyperalgesia
[18]. Pregabalin administration beginning preoperativelyand continuing for 2 days postoperatively was also associated
with similar improvement in pain outcomes compared
with placebo [19]. In addition to mitigating early postoperative
pain, the opioid-sparing effect of COX-2 inhibitors,
gabapentin, and regional anesthesia is important for
reduction of opioid-related side effects, including nausea
and vomiting, which contribute to the postoperative morbidity
associated with TKA.
Managing Acute Pain after TKAManaging acute pain after TKA can be challenging, andclinicians and researchers continue to investigate ways ofimproving patient care at this juncture. A multimodal painmanagement strategy can alleviate pain in many patientsalthough there continue to be gaps that cause some patientsto experience significant pain. The components of the painmanagement strategy after TKA include both regional andsystemic analgesics, typically intravenous opioids, NSAIDs,and femoral nerve blockade (FNB) with or withoutanticonvulsant agents such as gabapentin or pregabalin.The advantages and limitations of these strategies areexplored below.3.1 Preventive Analgesia Has Been Shown to ImproveEarly Pain Control after TKABroadly speaking, preventive analgesia refers to theadministration of analgesics prior to surgery in order todecrease the magnitude of postoperative pain [17]. Theadministration of drugs prior to surgery has been shown inmany studies to decrease postoperative pain and analgesicconsumption. For patients having TKA, a preoperativeregimen of the selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitorrofecoxib that is continued postoperatively was associatedwith lower pain scores, epidural analgesic consumption, andin-hospital opioid consumption compared with placebo[12]. This is thought to diminish the surgical inflammatoryresponse involving prostaglandins that leads to hyperalgesia[18]. Pregabalin administration beginning preoperativelyand continuing for 2 days postoperatively was also associatedwith similar improvement in pain outcomes comparedwith placebo [19]. In addition to mitigating early postoperativepain, the opioid-sparing effect of COX-2 inhibitors,gabapentin, and regional anesthesia is important forreduction of opioid-related side effects, including nauseaand vomiting, which contribute to the postoperative morbidityassociated with TKA.
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