The present study was designed to determine acute and sub-acute toxicities of Hawm Nil brown rice kefir powder (HNKP) in male Wistar rats. In acute toxicity study, HNKP at the doses of 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 mg/kg were once administered to the rats orally. Symptoms of toxicity and mortality were observed within 24 h and over a further period for 14 days. The results showed that all the doses of HNKP did not produce mortality or symptom of toxicity. HNKP at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg produced the best body weight gain, food intake and FCR. Moreover, blood biochemistry including TP, Alb, Glob, BS, BUN, CREA, UA, TB, AST, ALT, and ALP, cholesterol, hematological values including WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct, MCH, MCHC, MCV, and Plt, and relative organ weight (ROW) of the rats received all the doses of HNKP did not differ from those in controls. In sub-acute toxicity study, HNKP at the doses of 500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg were given orally to the rats every 2 days for 14 days. Again, the result showed that all the doses did not produce mortality or symptom of toxicity. HNKP at a dose of 500 mg/kg produced the best body weight gain, food intake and FCR. Furthermore, the rats received HNKP at this dose had blood biochemistry, cholesterol, hematological values, and ROW close to those in controls. However, the rats received high doses of HNKP (1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg) and long term application altered Alb, Glob, BS, BUN, UA, AST, and ALP levels. These results indicate that long term and high doses application of HNKP can affect renal and hepatic functions (p<0.05). In addition, TG and HDL of the rats received HNKP were significant (p<0.05) less than those in controls. Interestingly, the rats received HNKP had neutrophils significant less than while lymphocytes significant higher than that in controls (p<0.05).These findings indicate that Hawm Nil brown rice kefir powder had no acute and sub-acute toxicities. However, long term application at high doses (1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg) of HNKP may cause hepatic and renal dysfunctions. Its activity on decreasing neutrophils and increasing lymphocytes resulting in increased globulin leads to improve immunomodulatory activity.
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