To explore how the two groups were affected by the treatments in terms of student’ abilities of basic plant knowledge and the classification knowledge of plants, an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) on post-test scores, with the pre-test as the covariate, was conducted on
the Type I test items (basic knowledge of the 12 target plants) and Type II test items (ability of classifying and comparing target plants
based on their features) to determine any significance between these two groups. Therefore, three ANCOVA tests were performed on
the post-test scores, the Type I scores and the Type II scores, respectively.