The second difference is temporal resolution. The ARPS model is initialized operationally every 3 h and forecasts up to 24-h lead times with 1-h intervals. The BJ-ANC forecasts hourly precipitation fields up to 6-h ahead every 6 min. To comparison, the ARPS forecasts up to 6-h lead times were chosen, and the BJ-ANC forecasts from the same base time as the ARPS were selected. The corresponding radar-based QPEs were used to verify and compare the forecasts by the BJ-ANC and ARPS.