Third, given our cross-sectional design, the temporal ordering of constructs cannot be determined. It remains possible that RFL influences level of depressive symptoms and hopelessness, and not vice versa. Prospective eventbased assessments are needed to clarify the role of depression, hopelessness, RFL, and suicidal ideation and attempts. Finally, validated self-report measures of psychopathology were used. Future studies should replicate these findings with validated structured interviews to assess diagnostic features within hypothesized relations.