Overall skewness analysis with 95% CI across items
In Figure 2 we can see that there were 6 items on stages showing significant differences in quality-of-life attitude by the expected response scores, but 11 items on stages gave significant differences by the observed response scores, indicating different inferences would have been made if we had chosen different data sources (i.e., observed and expected scores in Figure 2).
As shown in Table 3, the skewness for expected response scores had a higher correlation coefficient (≥ 0.90)