These two instruments measure the use of the five
leadership practices (Kouzes & Posner 1995) and are
identical except for the reference to `self' and `observer'.
Each scale has 30 statements, six to measure each of the
five key leadership practices, and each statement is cast
on a five-point Likert scale (1=seldom or rarely; 5=very
often). The LPI has been used to measure leadership
behaviours across a variety of organizations, disciplines
and demographic backgrounds. Validation studies
conducted consistently over a 10-year period have
confirmed its reliability and validity (Kouzes & Posner
1995).