Lightning
Lightning is a common feature of offshore environments, and lightning protection systems should be routinely included in the design of renewable energy plants. Lightning detection networks extend well offshore; thus, frequencies of lightning events can be mapped for offshore waters. This information may have some utility in assessing lightning risk to a facility.
Ice Loading, Ice Accretion
Sea ice loading on structures is a significant design consideration in cold regions. A primary source for real-time sea ice information is the National Ice Center2, which combines the resources of the U.S. Navy, U.S. Coast Guard, and NOAA to provide histories and forecasts of ice coverage in offshore waters, including the Great Lakes. Historical data are maintained at NOAA’s National Snow and Ice Data Center3.
Ice accretion affects blade aerodynamics for wind turbines and, in severe cases, could affect structural integrity of turbine components. Icing can result both from freezing precipitation and fog and from sea spray in subfreezing temperatures. Frequency and severity of icing conditions in particular locations can be estimated from operational experience and records of mariners and others. The likelihood of freezing sea spray can be estimated from simulations by weather forecast models of the combination of high winds and low temperatures over open water.