CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Listening comprehension strategies While considerable attention has been given to the other three language skills (reading, writing and speaking), studies focusing on listening have only recently been made. Such neglect derived from the fact that listening has been viewed as a passive skill. Even though listening is now well recognized as a critical dimension in language learning, it is still one of the least understood processes. According to Morley (as cited in Osada 2004), during the 1980`s listening was included into new instructional frameworks, the functional language and communicative approaches. Vandergrift (2002) claims that despite progress in the field, listening is still difficult to describe.