processing is still an active area of artificial intelligence research. Natural languages, as they are used
by most humans, are inherently ambiguous. To understand properly all but a very limited subset of a
natural language, a human (or artificially intelligent computer system) requires a vast amount of background
knowledge that is beyond the capabilities of today’s software. Fortunately, programming languages provide
a relatively simple structure with very strict rules for forming statements that can express a solution to any
problem that can be solved by a computer.
Consider the following program fragment written in the C++ programming language:
subtotal = 25;
tax = 3;
total = subtotal + tax;
These three lines do not make up a complete C++ program; they are merely a piece of a program. The
statements in this program fragment look similar to expressions in algebra. We see no sequence of binary
digits. Three words, subtotal, tax, and total, called variables, are used to hold information.
Mathematicians have used variables for hundreds of years before the first digital computer was built. In
programming, a variable represents a value stored in the computer’s memory. Familiar operators (= and +)
are used instead of some cryptic binary digit sequence that instructs the processor to perform the operation.
Since this program is expressed in the C++ language, not machine language, it cannot be executed directly
on any processor. A C++ compiler is used to translate the C++ code into machine code.
processing is still an active area of artificial intelligence research. Natural languages, as they are usedby most humans, are inherently ambiguous. To understand properly all but a very limited subset of anatural language, a human (or artificially intelligent computer system) requires a vast amount of backgroundknowledge that is beyond the capabilities of today’s software. Fortunately, programming languages providea relatively simple structure with very strict rules for forming statements that can express a solution to anyproblem that can be solved by a computer.Consider the following program fragment written in the C++ programming language:subtotal = 25;tax = 3;total = subtotal + tax;These three lines do not make up a complete C++ program; they are merely a piece of a program. Thestatements in this program fragment look similar to expressions in algebra. We see no sequence of binarydigits. Three words, subtotal, tax, and total, called variables, are used to hold information.Mathematicians have used variables for hundreds of years before the first digital computer was built. Inprogramming, a variable represents a value stored in the computer’s memory. Familiar operators (= and +)are used instead of some cryptic binary digit sequence that instructs the processor to perform the operation.Since this program is expressed in the C++ language, not machine language, it cannot be executed directlyon any processor. A C++ compiler is used to translate the C++ code into machine code.
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