In contrast, the work of Stampanoni Koeferli, Piccinali, and Sigrist (1996), using reduced fat milk products, demonstrated that decreasing coldness perception accompanied increasing levels of fat as theorized by Bodyfelt et al. (1988). In addition to their findings for the effects of fat content on coldness, Stampanoni Koeferli et al. demonstrated that increased levels of non-fat milk solids (NFMS) lowered the perception of coldness in ice cream of less than regular fat. Increasing NFMS levels beyond typical levels, however, is not recommended as this could affect ice cream flavour (Ohmes et al., 1998). A bland modified starch could impair the formation of large ice crystals, and thus limit the perception of coldness, without adversely affecting the flavour of the product.