Philippines | Technical Research | 17 July 2014 (Issue 4) Accounting & Auditing News IFRS 15 — Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Part 2B – Differences vs. IAS 18 — Revenue
Type of Revenue Impacted Under IAS 18, Revenue (IAS 18.1-6) This Standard shall be applied in accounting for revenue arising from the following transactions and events: (IAS 18.1) a) the sale of goods; b) the rendering of services; and c) the use by others of entity assets yielding interest, royalties and dividends. Under IFRS 15, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (IFRS 15.5-8, IN7 ) An entity shall apply this Standard to all contracts with customers, except the following: (IFRS 15.5) a) lease contracts within the scope of IAS 17 Leases; b) insurance contracts within the scope of IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts; c) financial instruments and other contractual rights or obligations within the scope of IFRS 9 Financial Instruments, IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements, IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements IAS 27 Separate Financial Statements and IAS 28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures; and d) non-monetary exchanges between entities in the same line of business to facilitate sales to customers or potential customers. For example, this Standard would not apply to a contract between two oil companies that agree to an exchange of oil to fulfil demand from their customers in different specified locations on a timely basis. The core principle of IFRS 15 is that an entity recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. An entity recognizes revenue in accordance with that core principle by applying the following steps: (IFRS 15.IN7 ) a. Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with a customer—a contract is an agreement between two or more parties that creates enforceable rights and obligations. The requirements of IFRS 15 apply to each contract that has been agreed upon with a customer and meets specified criteria. In some cases, IFRS 15 requires an entity to combine contracts and account for them as one contract. IFRS 15 also provides requirements for the accounting for contract modifications.
b. Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract—a contract includes promises to transfer goods or services to a customer. If those goods or services are distinct, the promises are performance obligations and are accounted for separately. A good or service is distinct if the customer can benefit from the good or service on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer and the entity’s promise to transfer the good or service to the customer is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. c. Step 3: Determine the transaction price—the transaction price is the amount of consideration in a contract to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer. The transaction price can be a fixed amount of customer consideration, but it may sometimes include variable consideration or consideration in a form other than cash. The transaction price is also adjusted for the effects of the time value of money if the contract includes a significant financing component and for any consideration payable to the customer. If the consideration is variable, an entity estimates the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for the promised goods or services. The estimated amount of variable consideration will be included in the transaction price only to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. d. Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract—an entity typically allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation on the basis of the relative stand-alone selling prices of each distinct good or service promised in the contract. If a stand-alone selling price is not observable, an entity estimates it. Sometimes, the transaction price includes a discount or a variable amount of consideration that relates entirely to a part of the contract. The requirements specify when an entity allocates the discount or variable consideration to one or more, but not all, performance obligations (or distinct goods or services) in the contract.
e. Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation—an entity recognizes revenue when (or as) it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to a customer (which is when the customer obtains control of that good or service). The amount of revenue recognized is the amount allocated to the satisfied performance obligation. A performance obligation may be satisfied at a point in time (typically for promises to transfer goods to a customer) or over time (typically for promises to transfer services to a customer). For performance obligations satisfied over time, an entity recognizes revenue over time by selecting an appropriate method for measuring the entity’s progress towards complete satisfaction of that performance obligation. Analysis of the Change IFRS 15 only specifies how to account for revenue which arises as a result of contracts from customers; moreover, certain contracts with customers are scoped out because they are dealt with other standards. (Interest income and dividend income, which were within the scope of the previous revenue standard, will now be within the scope of the financial instruments standard, but it is not expected that this will impact the accounting for such income streams.) Timing of Revenue Recognition Under IAS 18, Revenue (IAS 18.14-19) Revenue from the sale of goods shall be recognized when all the following conditions have been satisfied: (IAS 18.14) a) the entity has transferred to the buyer the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods; b) the entity retains neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over the goods sold; c) the amount of revenue can be measured reliably; d) it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the entity; and e) the costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably.
Under IFRS 15, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (IFRS 15.31-45) An entity recognizes revenue by applying the 5 steps process as indicated above. Under step 1, one of the criteria to be met is that the parties to the contract have approved the contract (in writing, orally or in accordance with other customary business practices) and are committed to perform their respective obligations (IFRS 15.9). Although IFRS 15 also indicated that revenue can be still recognized to the extent of the consideration received even if the criteria indicated under paragraph 9 has not been met. These conditions are when: (1) no remaining obligation are to be performed or contract has been terminated; and (2) the consideration received is non-refundable (IFRS 15.15). An entity shall recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service (ie an asset) to a customer. An asset is transferred when (or as) the customer obtains control of that asset (IFRS 15.31). An entity transfers control of a good or service over time and, therefore, satisfies a performance obligation and recognizes revenue over time, if one of the following criteria is met: (IFRS 15.35) a) the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the entity’s performance as the entity performs (see paragraphs B3–B4); b) the entity’s performance creates or enhances an asset (for example, work in progress) that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced (see paragraph B5); or c) the entity’s performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to the entity (see paragraph 36) and the entity has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date (see paragraph 37) (IFRS 15.31). If a performance obligation is not satisfied over time in accordance with paragraphs 35–37, an entity satisfies the performance obligation at a point in time. To determine the point in time at which a customer obtains control of a promised asset and the entity satisfies a performance obligation, the entity shall consider the requirements for control in paragraphs 31–34 (IFRS 15.38).
Analysis of the Change Under IAS 18, the timing of revenue recognition from the sale of goods is based primarily on the transfer of risks and rewards. IFRS 15, instead, focuses on when control of those goods has transferred to the customer. This different approach may result in a change of timing for revenue recognition for some entities. For example some entities may supply goods on the basis that the title passes to the customer at the point of shipment but, as a matter of business practice, may compensate customer for loss or damage during shipping (either through credit or replacement). Previously, revenue may have been recognized only at the point of delivery, on the basis that some exposure to risks and rewards is retained until then. Under IFRS 15, entities will need to assess whether control passes to the customer at the point of shipment or at the point of delivery. This may result in revenue being recognized at a different time. If revenue is recognized at the point of shipment, it may be necessary to allocate part of the transaction price to a distinct “shipping and risk coverage” service, with that element of revenue recognized when service is provided. How to Identify and Allocate to Different Goods and Services within a Contract? Under
ฟิลิปปินส์ | วิจัยเทคนิค | 17 2014 กรกฎาคม (ฉบับที่ 4) บัญชีและการตรวจสอบข่าว IFRS 15 – รายได้จากสัญญากับลูกค้า: ส่วน 2B – แตกต่างเทียบกับ IAS 18 – รายได้ชนิดของรายได้รับผลกระทบภายใต้ IAS 18 รายได้ (IAS 18.1-6) มาตรฐานนี้จะใช้ในการลงบัญชีสำหรับรายได้ที่เกิดจากธุรกรรมและเหตุการณ์ต่อไปนี้: (IAS 18.1) เป็น) การขายสินค้า ขการแสดงผลของบริการ และ c) ใช้ โดยผู้อื่นทรัพย์สินเอนทิตีที่ผลผลิตดอกเบี้ย ค่าภาคหลวง และเงินปันผล ภายใต้ IFRS 15 รายได้จากสัญญากับลูกค้า (IFRS 15.5 ล้านคน-8, IN7) เอนทิตีจะใช้มาตรฐานนี้กับสัญญาทั้งหมดกับลูกค้า ยกเว้นต่อไปนี้: (IFRS 15.5 ล้านคน) เป็น) เช่าสัญญาภายในขอบเขตของ IAS 17 เช่า ขประกันสัญญาภายในขอบเขตของ IFRS 4 สัญญาประกันภัย c) เครื่องมือการเงิน และสิทธิตามสัญญา หรือภาระหน้าที่ภายในขอบเขตของ IFRS 9 เครื่อง มือทางการเงิน IFRS 10 รวม งบการเงิน การ IFRS 11 ร่วมจัด IAS 27 งบการเงิน และการลง ทุน 28 IAS ในสมาคมและกิจการร่วมค้า อื่น ๆ และ d) ไม่ใช่เงินตราแลกเปลี่ยนระหว่างเอนทิตีในบรรทัดเดียวกันของธุรกิจเพื่อให้ง่ายต่อการขายกับลูกค้าหรือลูกค้าที่มีศักยภาพ ตัวอย่าง มาตรฐานนี้จะไม่สามารถใช้กับสัญญาระหว่างบริษัทน้ำมันทั้งสองที่ยอมรับในการแลกเปลี่ยนของน้ำมันเพื่อตอบสนองความต้องการของลูกค้าในสถานที่ระบุไว้ทัน หน้าที่ 15 IFRS เป็นว่า ทิรับรู้รายได้เพื่อแสดงการโอนย้ายสินค้าตามสัญญาหรือบริการให้ลูกค้าในจำนวนเงินที่สะท้อนถึงการพิจารณาที่เอนทิตีที่คาดว่าจะสามารถได้รับแลกเปลี่ยนสินค้าหรือบริการเหล่านั้น เอนทิตีรับรู้รายได้ตามหลักการหลัก โดยใช้ขั้นตอนต่อไปนี้: อ. (IFRS 15.IN7) ขั้นตอนที่ 1: ระบุสัญญากับลูกค้า — สัญญาคือ ข้อตกลงระหว่างบุคคลสองคน หรือมากกว่าที่สร้างบุคลากรสิทธิและภาระผูกพัน ความต้องการของ IFRS 15 กับสัญญาแต่ละฉบับที่มีการตกลงกับลูกค้า และตรงตามเงื่อนไขที่ระบุ ในบางกรณี IFRS 15 ต้องเอนทิตีรวมสัญญา และบัญชีสำหรับพวกเขาเป็นหนึ่ง IFRS 15 ยังมีความต้องการสำหรับการลงบัญชีสำหรับการแก้ไขสัญญาb. Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract—a contract includes promises to transfer goods or services to a customer. If those goods or services are distinct, the promises are performance obligations and are accounted for separately. A good or service is distinct if the customer can benefit from the good or service on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer and the entity’s promise to transfer the good or service to the customer is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. c. Step 3: Determine the transaction price—the transaction price is the amount of consideration in a contract to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer. The transaction price can be a fixed amount of customer consideration, but it may sometimes include variable consideration or consideration in a form other than cash. The transaction price is also adjusted for the effects of the time value of money if the contract includes a significant financing component and for any consideration payable to the customer. If the consideration is variable, an entity estimates the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for the promised goods or services. The estimated amount of variable consideration will be included in the transaction price only to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. d. Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract—an entity typically allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation on the basis of the relative stand-alone selling prices of each distinct good or service promised in the contract. If a stand-alone selling price is not observable, an entity estimates it. Sometimes, the transaction price includes a discount or a variable amount of consideration that relates entirely to a part of the contract. The requirements specify when an entity allocates the discount or variable consideration to one or more, but not all, performance obligations (or distinct goods or services) in the contract.e. Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation—an entity recognizes revenue when (or as) it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to a customer (which is when the customer obtains control of that good or service). The amount of revenue recognized is the amount allocated to the satisfied performance obligation. A performance obligation may be satisfied at a point in time (typically for promises to transfer goods to a customer) or over time (typically for promises to transfer services to a customer). For performance obligations satisfied over time, an entity recognizes revenue over time by selecting an appropriate method for measuring the entity’s progress towards complete satisfaction of that performance obligation. Analysis of the Change IFRS 15 only specifies how to account for revenue which arises as a result of contracts from customers; moreover, certain contracts with customers are scoped out because they are dealt with other standards. (Interest income and dividend income, which were within the scope of the previous revenue standard, will now be within the scope of the financial instruments standard, but it is not expected that this will impact the accounting for such income streams.) Timing of Revenue Recognition Under IAS 18, Revenue (IAS 18.14-19) Revenue from the sale of goods shall be recognized when all the following conditions have been satisfied: (IAS 18.14) a) the entity has transferred to the buyer the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods; b) the entity retains neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over the goods sold; c) the amount of revenue can be measured reliably; d) it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the entity; and e) the costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably.Under IFRS 15, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (IFRS 15.31-45) An entity recognizes revenue by applying the 5 steps process as indicated above. Under step 1, one of the criteria to be met is that the parties to the contract have approved the contract (in writing, orally or in accordance with other customary business practices) and are committed to perform their respective obligations (IFRS 15.9). Although IFRS 15 also indicated that revenue can be still recognized to the extent of the consideration received even if the criteria indicated under paragraph 9 has not been met. These conditions are when: (1) no remaining obligation are to be performed or contract has been terminated; and (2) the consideration received is non-refundable (IFRS 15.15). An entity shall recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service (ie an asset) to a customer. An asset is transferred when (or as) the customer obtains control of that asset (IFRS 15.31). An entity transfers control of a good or service over time and, therefore, satisfies a performance obligation and recognizes revenue over time, if one of the following criteria is met: (IFRS 15.35) a) the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the entity’s performance as the entity performs (see paragraphs B3–B4); b) the entity’s performance creates or enhances an asset (for example, work in progress) that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced (see paragraph B5); or c) the entity’s performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to the entity (see paragraph 36) and the entity has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date (see paragraph 37) (IFRS 15.31). If a performance obligation is not satisfied over time in accordance with paragraphs 35–37, an entity satisfies the performance obligation at a point in time. To determine the point in time at which a customer obtains control of a promised asset and the entity satisfies a performance obligation, the entity shall consider the requirements for control in paragraphs 31–34 (IFRS 15.38).วิเคราะห์การเปลี่ยนแปลงภายใต้ IAS 18 ช่วงเวลาของการรับรู้รายได้จากการขายสินค้าตามหลักการโอนความเสี่ยงและผลตอบแทน IFRS 15 แทน เน้นที่เมื่อมีการโอนย้ายของสินค้าเหล่านั้นให้กับลูกค้า วิธีนี้แตกต่างกันอาจส่งผลในการเปลี่ยนแปลงของระยะเวลาการรับรู้รายได้สำหรับบางเอนทิตี ตัวอย่าง บางเอนทิตีอาจจัดหาสินค้าตามที่เรื่องผ่านไปให้กับลูกค้าณ ขณะจัดส่ง แต่ เป็นเรื่องของธุรกิจฝึก อาจชดเชยลูกค้าได้สูญเสียเสียหายระหว่างการจัดส่ง (เครดิตแทน) ก่อนหน้านี้ รายได้อาจได้รับณขณะจัดส่ง เฉพาะบนพื้นฐานที่ว่า บางสัมผัสกับความเสี่ยงและผลตอบแทนจะถูกเก็บไว้หลังจากนั้น ภายใต้ IFRS 15 เอนทิตีจะต้องประเมินว่าการควบคุมส่งให้กับลูกค้าในการจัดหน้าร้าน หรือในการจัดหน้าร้าน นี้อาจส่งผลรายได้การรับรู้ที่แตกต่างกัน ถ้ามีการรับรู้ในการจัดหน้าร้าน มันอาจจำเป็นต้องปันส่วนค่าธุรกรรมการบริการทั้งหมด "จัดส่งสินค้าและความเสี่ยงครอบคลุม" ด้วยว่าองค์ประกอบของรายได้ที่รับรู้เมื่อมีให้บริการ วิธีการระบุ และปันส่วนให้แตกต่างสินค้าและบริการในสัญญาหรือไม่ ภายใต้
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