Some probiotic mechanisms whereby induce several beneficial host responses. Most effect consist on 1) Exclusion and competing with pathogen to epithelial cells adhesion, 2) innate immune stimulation, 3) competition for nutrients and prebiotic products, 4) production of antimicrobial substances and thereby pathogen antagonism, 5) protection of intestinal barrier integrity and 6) regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine and inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production. IEC: intestinal epithelium cells, DC: IL: interleukin; M: intestinal M cell