Since the available pneumococcal vaccines work by inducing type-specific antibodies targeting the polysaccharide capsule, infection-control measures are the only available means of controlling outbreaks and preventing sporadic disease caused by unencapsulated pneumococci. New vaccines that are now being developed target highly conserved pneumococcal surface proteins and could prove to be useful as control measures.34,35 Enzymes with the potential to eradicate carriage may be useful in future outbreaks.36 When such outbreaks occur, investigators should evaluate whether the use of antibiotic eyedrops helps to limit symptoms and transmission and should determine which infection-control measures are useful for preventing the spread of the infection.