All of the institutions also considered the promotion of breastfeeding as an infant feeding choice to be an important role for PNPs. However, although all of the institutions reported that their students receive practical breastfeeding experience in the clinical setting, only two of the programs offer specific clinical breastfeeding experience outside of regularly scheduled clinical hours. In addition, the breastfeeding content is taught by the primary course instructors. Only one institution used a lactation consultant for a 3-hour workshop. The variety of responses from just these three institutions illustrates a number of inconsistencies between the breastfeeding and human lactation education offered in PNP programs. In summary, evidence shows that PNPs need to be equipped with comprehensive evidence-based breastfeeding and human lactation knowledge during their educational experience in order to be clinically prepared to manage these issues