2. Methods
2.1. Participants and procedures The study sample included 301 index children and their mothers. Participants were recruited from Head Start facilities in South Central Michigan. Head Start is a federally subsidized preschool program for low-income, high-risk families residing in the United States (US). Participants were drawn from a longitudinal cohort initiated in 2009 to investigate associations between stress and eating behavior among low-income children. Index children ranged in age from 4 to 8 years at the time of data collection. Inclusion criteria included that the caregiver was fluent in English and did not have a college degree; and child was born at 35 weeks gestation without significant perinatal or neonatal complications, was not in foster care, and had no serious medical problems or history of food allergies. For this analysis we only considered children who were living with their biological mothers, who were living with only one sibling who was at least two years old (age of included siblings therefore ranged from 2 to 16), and who had complete data on all variables (n ¼ 86). Mothers provided written informed consent for themselves and for their children. The University of Michigan Institutional Review Board approved this study. During two study visits, mothers completed intervieweradministered questionnaires that assessed demographic characteristics and maternal feeding behaviors. At home, each family completed three family mealtime observations; mothers were loaned a camera and instructed to videotape three routine dinner meals for the index child within a single week. These videos followed standard procedures, and mothers were asked to set up the camera so that the child's torso, plate, and drink were always in view (Goulding et al., 2014). Research assistants collected information regarding individuals present by calling the mothers after each meal. Because mothers were instructed to videotape the index child as he/she normally ate at dinnertime, some of the videos included only the index child eating alone while others included the index child eating with his/her sibling and/or with parents and other family members. For this analysis, we selected only the videotapes
on which the sibling was present during dinnertime regardless of the presence of parents. We did not include videotapes on which children other than the index child and sibling were also present. We systematically selected one of the three videos for each index child. First, we assessed the second video for each index child because we expected families to be more acclimated to the camera by the second home observation, and we were also able to maximize our sample size. If the second video did not meet the selection criteria (based on individuals present during the meal), we then assessed the third video; if the third video did not meet the selection criteria, we assessed the first video. A final sample of 69 index children was identified, 7 from the first video, 51 from the second video, and 11 from the third video. The analytic sample included in this analysis (n ¼ 69) did not differ from the sample not included (n ¼ 232) with regard to index child sex, age or race/ ethnicity, or maternal education.
2. วิธี 2.1. Participants and procedures The study sample included 301 index children and their mothers. Participants were recruited from Head Start facilities in South Central Michigan. Head Start is a federally subsidized preschool program for low-income, high-risk families residing in the United States (US). Participants were drawn from a longitudinal cohort initiated in 2009 to investigate associations between stress and eating behavior among low-income children. Index children ranged in age from 4 to 8 years at the time of data collection. Inclusion criteria included that the caregiver was fluent in English and did not have a college degree; and child was born at 35 weeks gestation without significant perinatal or neonatal complications, was not in foster care, and had no serious medical problems or history of food allergies. For this analysis we only considered children who were living with their biological mothers, who were living with only one sibling who was at least two years old (age of included siblings therefore ranged from 2 to 16), and who had complete data on all variables (n ¼ 86). Mothers provided written informed consent for themselves and for their children. The University of Michigan Institutional Review Board approved this study. During two study visits, mothers completed intervieweradministered questionnaires that assessed demographic characteristics and maternal feeding behaviors. At home, each family completed three family mealtime observations; mothers were loaned a camera and instructed to videotape three routine dinner meals for the index child within a single week. These videos followed standard procedures, and mothers were asked to set up the camera so that the child's torso, plate, and drink were always in view (Goulding et al., 2014). Research assistants collected information regarding individuals present by calling the mothers after each meal. Because mothers were instructed to videotape the index child as he/she normally ate at dinnertime, some of the videos included only the index child eating alone while others included the index child eating with his/her sibling and/or with parents and other family members. For this analysis, we selected only the videotapesที่พี่น้องมีอยู่ในช่วงระหว่างทานอาหารเย็นโดยไม่คำนึงถึงสถานะของผู้ปกครอง เราไม่มีเทปในเด็กซึ่งไม่ใช่ดัชนีเด็กและพี่น้องก็อยู่ เราเป็นระบบเลือกวิดีโอสามอย่างใดอย่างหนึ่งสำหรับแต่ละดัชนีลูก ครั้งแรก เราประเมินสองวิดีโอสำหรับแต่ละดัชนีลูกเนื่องจากเราคาดว่าครอบครัวจะสามารถ acclimated ขึ้นกับกล้อง โดยการสังเกตบ้านที่สอง และเรายังสามารถเพิ่มขนาดตัวอย่างของเรา ถ้าสองวิดีโอไม่ตรงกับเกณฑ์การเลือก (ตามบุคคลในอาหาร), เราประเมินวิดีโอสาม ถ้าวิดีโอสามไม่ตรงกับเกณฑ์การเลือก เราประเมินวิดีโอแรก พบตัวอย่างสุดท้ายของเด็กดัชนี 69, 7 จากวิดีโอแรก 51 จากวิดีโอสอง และ 11 จากวิดีโอสาม ตัวอย่างวิเคราะห์ในการวิเคราะห์นี้ (n ¼ 69) ไม่แตกต่างจากตัวอย่างไม่รวม (n ¼ 232) เกี่ยวกับดัชนีเด็กเพศ อายุ หรือการแข่งขัน / เชื้อชาติ การศึกษามารดา
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