the cditor, steve kaplan, and two anonymous reviewers provided many helpful comments as did tom bintinger, sarah bonner, dick chesley, martin evans,john fogarty, domald jones, jay thibodeau, catherine usoff, arnie wright, and the participants at workshops at bentley college, the university of utah, and the new england behavioral accounting Rcsearch series. Milly Espada, Lynette Greenlay, and mark Ungcwitter provided able research assistance at Bentley college. we gratefully appreciate financial support and top industry audit specialist participation from an anonymous accounting firm in this stud