Bass & Riggio (2006) suggested that TL development could not focus on specific, narrow
skills. Bass (2008) argued for TL as a reflection of the “whole integrated person and their deeply
held values and self-concepts” (p. 1106). Development in TL requires a broadly established
educational process. Burns (1978) agreed, advocating for the joint involvement of facilitators
and students in an effort to reach "higher stages of moral reasoning" and higher levels of
individual judgment (Burns, 1978, p. 449). Based on these recommendations for a broad
educational process, targeting the leader’s values and self-concepts, aimed at higher stages of
moral reasoning, it is reasonable to doubt whether TL development is possible. This represents
another key difference between TL and situational leadership.