PND refers to attacks of shortness of breath that
occur at night and may awaken the patient from sleeping.
The sensitivity and specificity of PND for heart
failure range from 39% to 41% and from 80% to 84%,
respectively.12,13
Advanced or end-stage heart failure can present
with an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by
periods of hyperpnea and apnea called Cheyne-Stokes
respiration.