currently dominating the hall of power and the critical life experiences that have shaped their views of the world be they World War II, the Cold War, the Vietnam War, the 1990s, or the post-9/11 era. Or, is it, as Kupchan (1994) has suggested, that American foreign policy gets caught op at certain points in time in a particular view of how its national interests and values interests and a strategic culture forms that transcends presidential administrations and change in the international system? Like with the U.S. “War on terror,” a particular way of viewing and dealing with events takes shape and becomes ingrained among both the political elite and the mass public.
Who Is in Charge of Foreign Policy?
Intent on ensuring checks and balances among the various parts of the U.S. government, the founding fathers built in a tension between the presidency and the Congress when it comes to making foreign policy. The president is the commander-in-chief, the chief negotiator, and the chief diplomat but the Congress makes law, must ratify treaties, and appropriates funds. The focus is on shared responsibility and an “invitation to struggle” (Corwin 1948). And, as Melason (2005: 6) has observed, the pendulum often shifts regarding “presidential-congressional understandings about the respective tasks” each is perform. These shifts have led to terms such as the “imperial presidency” and the “imperial Congress” as each stakes out a claim for “being in charge.” Linsay (2004) has proposed that it is during time of peace and as U.S.-sponsored conflicts wind down that Congress becomes more active in foreign affairs; it is in times of conflict and war that Congress appears to “rally round the flag” and become more deferential to the executive. The presence of a foreign policy crisis and of a threat to national security seems to tilt the relationship more toward presidential leadership—there is a contraction of authority to the top and those most politically accountable. But without such a crisis—and sometimes in response to the sense of loss of power during these times—Congress works to reassert itself. Consider how President Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon viewed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution as providing congressional carte blanche authority for their conduct of the Vietnam War only to see Congress pass the War power Resolution to reduce the power of the president once that war ended.
ฮอลล์และประสบการณ์ชีวิตที่สำคัญที่มีรูปของมุมมองของโลกที่มีอำนาจเหนือในปัจจุบันเป็นพวกสงครามโลก สงครามเย็น สงครามเวียดนาม ปี 1990 หรือยุคโพสต์-9/11 หรือ เป็นมัน Kupchan (1994) ได้แนะนำ ว่า นโยบายต่างประเทศสหรัฐอเมริกาได้รับ op ติดบางจุดในเวลาในมุมมองเฉพาะของวิธีแห่งชาติความสนใจ และค่าสถานที่ และวัฒนธรรมกลยุทธ์ฟอร์มกับประธานาธิบดีจัดการและเปลี่ยนแปลงในระบบระหว่างประเทศ เช่นสหรัฐอเมริกา "สงครามการก่อการร้าย วิธีการดู และการจัดการกับเหตุการณ์ใช้รูปร่าง และจะฝังแน่นในหมู่ชนชั้นนำทางการเมืองและประชาชนโดยรวม ผู้รับผิดชอบนโยบายต่างประเทศ Intent on ensuring checks and balances among the various parts of the U.S. government, the founding fathers built in a tension between the presidency and the Congress when it comes to making foreign policy. The president is the commander-in-chief, the chief negotiator, and the chief diplomat but the Congress makes law, must ratify treaties, and appropriates funds. The focus is on shared responsibility and an “invitation to struggle” (Corwin 1948). And, as Melason (2005: 6) has observed, the pendulum often shifts regarding “presidential-congressional understandings about the respective tasks” each is perform. These shifts have led to terms such as the “imperial presidency” and the “imperial Congress” as each stakes out a claim for “being in charge.” Linsay (2004) has proposed that it is during time of peace and as U.S.-sponsored conflicts wind down that Congress becomes more active in foreign affairs; it is in times of conflict and war that Congress appears to “rally round the flag” and become more deferential to the executive. The presence of a foreign policy crisis and of a threat to national security seems to tilt the relationship more toward presidential leadership—there is a contraction of authority to the top and those most politically accountable. But without such a crisis—and sometimes in response to the sense of loss of power during these times—Congress works to reassert itself. Consider how President Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon viewed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution as providing congressional carte blanche authority for their conduct of the Vietnam War only to see Congress pass the War power Resolution to reduce the power of the president once that war ended.
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