F = (n-1)/(c-1) [1]
Where
n = number of different classes present in the kernel
c = number of pixel considered (49)
A fuzzy approach has been used in order to provide a standardization of all values: high values indicate more
suitable areas for wild animal impact (close to 255): this is especially for vineyards and crops that are more distant
from artificial sites and next to areas with less land use, heterogeneity (fragmentation). The Fuzzy approach is also
called to “infinite values” where the logical variable can take any value in the range of truth continuous [0-1]
(Zadeh, 1965; Chen and Hwang, 1992; Romano et al., 2013). Table 4 shows the parameters of normalization
process.