Concentration of the flavor and aroma components in the final beers.a
Minicylinder foam shake test results are expressed as a relative foam rating, where 5 is the best and 1 is the worst foam. Samples were stored overnight prior to assessment.
Results are the mean value of two replicates. The values for high gravity fermentations have been re-calculated to the same ethanol content 5% (v/v) as 12 ◦ P fermentations. Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).