chisor's decision to initiate litigation with the dichotomous variable FRINIT, which takes the value of 1 if the franchisor initiates litigation and 0 otherwise. Given the dichotomous operationalization, FRINIT = 0 reflects initiation by the franchisee. Although either party may initiate litigation, both litigants must agree to resolve the litigation by ADR procedures (arbitration, mediation, or negotiation) (Gold- berger, Sander, and Rogers 1999). We therefore operational- ize resolution choice as binary variable ADR, which takes a value of 1 when the litigated conflict (regardless of which party initiated it) is resolved by ADR and 0 otherwise.