As organizations are taken over in these ways-brought into the hierarchies of other organizations-two things happen. They become centralized and formalized. In other word, they are driven toward machine bureaucracy. Government administrators assume that just a little more formal control will bring this callous hospital or that weak school in line. Yet the cure-even when the symptoms are understood-is often worse than the disease. The worst way to correct deficiencies in professional work is through control by technocratic standards. Professional bureaucracies cannot be managed like machines.