Figure 1. Key concepts in the functional-traits-on-gradients approach. (a) A physiological response curve plotting some measure of performance versus some environmental
variable, such as temperature or pH. The red lines are intrinsic rate of increase (r) for two species of zooplankton (data from [81]). The green lines are photosynthetic rate for
two species of desert plant (data from [82]). (b) A gradient analysis plotting the abundance of some species (usually smoothed) versus spatial position, which serves as a
surrogate for an environmental variable such as altitude. The red lines are three species of insect and the green lines are three species of trees from a xeric transect in the
Appalachians (data from [27]). (c) Distinct preference niches: the red lines plot functional fitness, show the fundamental niche and are analogous to the PRC in (a). The green
lines correspond to abundance, show the realized niche and are analogous to the gradient analysis in (b). The different line types (solid, dashed and dashed-dotted) represent
three species. The realized niche of each species is centered in its fundamental niche. (d) The same as for (c) but for a shared preference scenario. All species have the same
PRC optimum, but the realized niche is found under this optimum only for the competitive dominant species. More-tolerant species are driven into suboptimal niches. (e) A
plot of how photosynthetic rate (a performance currency) is related to SLA (specific leaf area) and nitrogen content (reproduced with modification from[14]). (f) A plot of how
traits vary within and between communities as a function of environmental variables. The mean changes systematically with environment, but the variance is still large (SD
are typically 50–60% of the worldwide SD) (reproduced with modification from [14]).
Figure 1. Key concepts in the functional-traits-on-gradients approach. (a) A physiological response curve plotting some measure of performance versus some environmentalvariable, such as temperature or pH. The red lines are intrinsic rate of increase (r) for two species of zooplankton (data from [81]). The green lines are photosynthetic rate fortwo species of desert plant (data from [82]). (b) A gradient analysis plotting the abundance of some species (usually smoothed) versus spatial position, which serves as asurrogate for an environmental variable such as altitude. The red lines are three species of insect and the green lines are three species of trees from a xeric transect in theAppalachians (data from [27]). (c) Distinct preference niches: the red lines plot functional fitness, show the fundamental niche and are analogous to the PRC in (a). The greenlines correspond to abundance, show the realized niche and are analogous to the gradient analysis in (b). The different line types (solid, dashed and dashed-dotted) representthree species. The realized niche of each species is centered in its fundamental niche. (d) The same as for (c) but for a shared preference scenario. All species have the samePRC optimum, but the realized niche is found under this optimum only for the competitive dominant species. More-tolerant species are driven into suboptimal niches. (e) Aplot of how photosynthetic rate (a performance currency) is related to SLA (specific leaf area) and nitrogen content (reproduced with modification from[14]). (f) A plot of howtraits vary within and between communities as a function of environmental variables. The mean changes systematically with environment, but the variance is still large (SDare typically 50–60% of the worldwide SD) (reproduced with modification from [14]).
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