Davidson and Erwin found that the gene regulatory network can
be described by a hierarchy with four types of modules. The first type
is named “kernel.” For example, the endoderm specification kernel is
composed of five genes in sea urchins, see Fig. 1. The heart-field
specification kernel (Satou and Satoh, 2006; Cripps and Olson, 2002)
is used in both Drosophila and vertebrate development. The other
three types are named as “plug-ins,” “I/O switches,” and “batteries.”
Each type of module functions differently in the development of
embryo. The kernels might relate to the phylum- and superphylumlevel
characteristics; the plug-ins and I/Os might relate to the class,
order, and family characteristics; and the batteries might relate to the
speciation characteristics (see Fig. 2). This proposal stimulated debate
(Coyne, 2006; Erwin and Davidson, 2006). For example, the diverse
kinds of changes in the hierarchy of gene regulatory networks and
their evolutionary consequences are thought to be imperfect, and yet
Davidson and Erwin found that the gene regulatory network canbe described by a hierarchy with four types of modules. The first typeis named “kernel.” For example, the endoderm specification kernel iscomposed of five genes in sea urchins, see Fig. 1. The heart-fieldspecification kernel (Satou and Satoh, 2006; Cripps and Olson, 2002)is used in both Drosophila and vertebrate development. The otherthree types are named as “plug-ins,” “I/O switches,” and “batteries.”Each type of module functions differently in the development ofembryo. The kernels might relate to the phylum- and superphylumlevelcharacteristics; the plug-ins and I/Os might relate to the class,order, and family characteristics; and the batteries might relate to thespeciation characteristics (see Fig. 2). This proposal stimulated debate(Coyne, 2006; Erwin and Davidson, 2006). For example, the diversekinds of changes in the hierarchy of gene regulatory networks andtheir evolutionary consequences are thought to be imperfect, and yet
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