in CSTR, the suitable amount of immobilized CGTase was placed in a jacketed cylindrical vessel (3.2 cm ID, 5.0 cm height) and agitated at 300 rpm. The substrate solution with the suitable concentration was introduced and the product was removed from the vessel with the suitable flow rate using a peristaltic pump (Fig. 1a). In PBR, the suitable amount of immobilized CGTase was packed in a jacketed column (1.0 cm ID, 26 cm long). The substrate solution with the suitable concentration was introduced to the bottom of the column and the product was removed from the top of the column with the suitable flow rate (Fig. 1b). In an integrated CSTR-PBR, the substrate was introduced to the CSTR vessel and the effluent was then passed through the bottom of the PBR column. The condition for the integrated system was set to be the same as that for single CSTR. The product was removed from the top of the PBR column (Fig. 1c). The reaction temperature was maintained at 50 °C by water circulation. The continuous process was run for 96 h. The conversion yield and productivity were calculated by using the following equations: