treatments were slightly different in the first experimental season (Fig. 3A, D, G, J). L.pratensis and V. sepium already showed some significant treatment effects in the firstseason, but R. acris und R. acetosa were first affected by the treatments in the secondyear. However, common to all species was that effects of fertilizer and herbicideapplications became stronger over time, and the insecticide caused no effects onthe plant frequencies. In the third experimental season, the fertilizer and herbicideapplications reduced the plant frequencies of all four species significantly (Fig. 3C,