Second, it is crucial to acknowledge that the association
between parenting and adolescent problem behavior may
be bidirectional: Parents do not only influence their children,
but children’s behavior also exerts an effect on parents.
Indeed, recent longitudinal studies showed a
bidirectional relation between parenting and adolescent
substance use. Adolescent drinking, smoking or deviant
behavior decreased the level of parental monitoring and
rule setting (Huver et al. 2006; Stice and Barrera 1995;
Van der Vorst et al. 2006). This implies that when these
child effects are not taken into account, this may lead to an
overestimation of parental influences (Kerr and Stattin
2003; Van der Vorst et al. 2006).