Conger and Kanungo (1988, 1998) developed a theory of charismatic leadership, which delineates the three main stages of this leadership process as well as key behaviors. During the first stage, the leaders determine the possibilities and opportunities that could be explored. Specifically, these leaders consider the opportunities and constraints in the environment as well as the needs and preferences of members of their workgroup. During the second stage, charismatic leaders promulgate an inspiring vision to accommodate these opportunities and preferences. Finally, during the third stage, charismatic leaders implement this vision, motivating followers to pursue these objectives. In particular, these leaders engage in personal risk, partly to inspire followers through role modeling, as well as demonstrate unconventional behavior