A risk-free project is unrealistic. It is essential to prepare effective procedures in place to deal
with expected threats for any government to deliver value of continues services and information.
Risk management is a particularly important issue for e-Government, due to its complex,
interdependence nature, and the lack of money back in case of failure if compared with private
sector. Practically, threats sources make e-Government vulnerable to complete or partial failure.
There is no single or common cause of e-Government failure but rather there are several
mal-distributed causes. For example, based on surveying different e-Government initiatives
along with Fishbone analysis, it has been shown that Design-Reality gap, Management
leadership, Technology and Human Culture may be considered among the main threats to a
successful transformation into e-Government, particularly in developing countries (Sultan,
2004). As per the experience of the authors, Table I summarizes possible threats sources that
may cause failure to e-Government projects in the ICT areas other than outsourcing.