Chemesthesis is the perception of chemically induced pain.
The first neural mediator of noxious stimuli is the nociceptor
(Woolf and Ma, 2007). These primary sensory neurons
are the interface between the internal and external environments.
Nociceptors have cell bodies located in the dorsal
root ganglion, a peripheral axon that innervates tissues, and
a central axon that enters the spinal cord to transfer information
to the central nervous system. Nociceptors have
three functions: (1) detection of potentially damaging external
noxious stimuli, which is useful in warning an animal
to the risk of injury; (2) detection of endogenous inflammatory
stimuli, which is useful in initiating and promoting
behaviors conducive to healing and repair; and (3) detection
of neural damage and ectopic firing. This latter function is
a pathological condition of chronic pain. Nociceptors have
high thresholds for exogenous stimuli, presumably because
it would be maladaptive to defensively respond to every
external assault. Nociceptors have low thresholds for endogenous
stimuli. This is an adaptive response to promote healing
once damage has occurred (Patapoutian et al., 2009).
A major component of the chemesthetic system is the
trigeminal nerve (TN). The TN is the principal somatic sensory
nerve of the head, and its primary function is the coding
of mechanical and thermal stimuli. However, the TN
also contains chemoreceptive fibers that mediate the detection
of chemical irritants (Silver and Maruniak, 1981). The
somatosensory system is the primary somatic sensory system
of the rest of the body. Like the TN, the somatosensory
system primarily codes for mechanical and thermal stimuli,
but it does have sensory afferents that are chemosensory
(Gentle, 2011; Necker, 2000; Wild, 1985).
Chemesthesis is the perception of chemically induced pain.The first neural mediator of noxious stimuli is the nociceptor(Woolf and Ma, 2007). These primary sensory neuronsare the interface between the internal and external environments.Nociceptors have cell bodies located in the dorsalroot ganglion, a peripheral axon that innervates tissues, anda central axon that enters the spinal cord to transfer informationto the central nervous system. Nociceptors havethree functions: (1) detection of potentially damaging externalnoxious stimuli, which is useful in warning an animalto the risk of injury; (2) detection of endogenous inflammatorystimuli, which is useful in initiating and promotingbehaviors conducive to healing and repair; and (3) detectionof neural damage and ectopic firing. This latter function isa pathological condition of chronic pain. Nociceptors havehigh thresholds for exogenous stimuli, presumably becauseit would be maladaptive to defensively respond to everyexternal assault. Nociceptors have low thresholds for endogenousstimuli. This is an adaptive response to promote healingonce damage has occurred (Patapoutian et al., 2009).A major component of the chemesthetic system is thetrigeminal nerve (TN). The TN is the principal somatic sensorynerve of the head, and its primary function is the codingof mechanical and thermal stimuli. However, the TNalso contains chemoreceptive fibers that mediate the detectionof chemical irritants (Silver and Maruniak, 1981). Thesomatosensory system is the primary somatic sensory systemof the rest of the body. Like the TN, the somatosensorysystem primarily codes for mechanical and thermal stimuli,but it does have sensory afferents that are chemosensory(Gentle, 2011; Necker, 2000; Wild, 1985).
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